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Thelwall M.	Thelwall			Extracting macroscopic information from Web links	2001	Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology	52	13		1157	1168		108	https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0035498756&partnerID=40&md5=26b008e57be24121afd78d6eaf8c7da5	School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1SB, United Kingdom	Thelwall, M., School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1SB, United Kingdom	Much has been written about the potential and pitfalls of macroscopic Web-based link analysis, yet there have been no studies that have provided clear statistical evidence that any of the proposed calculations can produce results over large areas of the Web that correlate with phenomena external to the Internet. This article attempts to provide such evidence through an evaluation of Ingwersen's (1998) proposed external Web Impact Factor (WIF) for the original use of the Web: the interlinking of academic research. In particular, it studies the case of the relationship between academic hyperlinks and research activity for universities in Britain, a country chosen for its variety of institutions and the existence of an official government rating exercise for research. After reviewing the numerous reasons why link counts may be unreliable, it demonstrates that four different WIFs do, in fact, correlate with the conventional academic research measures. The WIF delivering the greatest correlation with research rankings was the ratio of Web pages with links pointing at research-based pages to faculty numbers. The scarcity of links to electronic academic papers in the data set suggests that, in contrast to citation analysis, this WIF is measuring the reputations of universities and their scholars, rather than the quality of their publications.		Evaluation; Information retrieval; Search engines; Websites; Web impact factor (WIF); Web links; Information science						Almind, T.C., Ingwersen, P., Informetric analyses on the world wide web: Methodological approaches to "webometrics" (1998) Journal of Documentation, 53 (4), pp. 404-426; Amento, B., Hil, W., Terveen, L., Hix, D., Ju, P., An empirical evaluation of user interfaces for topic management of web sites (1999) CHI 99 Conference Proceedings, pp. 552-559. , New York: Addison Wesley; Anderson, A., No citation analyses please, we're British (1991) Science, 252, p. 639; Bar-Ilan, J., Search engine results over time - A case study on search engine stability (1999) Cybermetrics, 2-3. , http://www.cindoc.csic.es/cybermetrics/articles/v2ilp1.html; Bar-Ilan, J., The Web as an information source on Informetrics? 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Accessed February 27	Thelwall, M.; Sch. of Computing and Info. Technol., University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1SB, United Kingdom; email: m.thelwall@wlv.ac.uk								15322882		AISJB	10.1002/asi.1182		English	Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology	Article	Scopus	Thelwall    Extracting macroscopic information from Web links Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 2001
Vaughan L., Thelwall M.	Vaughan	Thelwall		Search engine coverage bias: Evidence and possible causes	2004	Information Processing and Management	40	4		693	707		86	https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-2942610876&partnerID=40&md5=904002e6a0f0931bb6a0ee3da7dfc069	Fac. of Info. and Media Studies, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont. N6A 5B7, Canada; Sch. of Comp./Information Technology, University of Wolverhampton, 35/49 Lichfield Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1EQ, United Kingdom	Vaughan, L., Fac. of Info. and Media Studies, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont. N6A 5B7, Canada; Thelwall, M., Sch. of Comp./Information Technology, University of Wolverhampton, 35/49 Lichfield Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1EQ, United Kingdom	Commercial search engines are now playing an increasingly important role in Web information dissemination and access. Of particular interest to business and national governments is whether the big engines have coverage biased towards the US or other countries. In our study we tested for national biases in three major search engines and found significant differences in their coverage of commercial Web sites. The US sites were much better covered than the others in the study: sites from China, Taiwan and Singapore. We then examined the possible technical causes of the differences and found that the language of a site does not affect its coverage by search engines. However, the visibility of a site, measured by the number of links to it, affects its chance to be covered by search engines. We conclude that the coverage bias does exist but this is due not to deliberate choices of the search engines but occurs as a natural result of cumulative advantage effects of US sites on the Web. Nevertheless, the bias remains a cause for international concern. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	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(2000) Internet Research: Electronic Networking and Applications, 10 (2), pp. 150-159; Thelwall, M., A web crawler design for data mining (2001) Journal of Information Science, 27 (5), pp. 319-325; Thelwall, M., (2001) A Publicly Accessible Database of UK University Website Links and a Discussion of the Need for Human Intervention in Web Crawling, , http://www.scit.wlv.ac.uk/~cm1993/papers/a_publicly_accessible_database. pdf, Retrieved January 14, 2003; Thelwall, M., The responsiveness of search engine indexes (2001) Cybermetrics, 5 (1). , http://www.cindoc.csic.es/cybermetrics/articles/v5i1p1.html, Retrieved January 14, 2003; Thelwall, M., Methodologies for crawler based web surveys (2002) Internet Research: Electronic Networking and Applications, 12 (2), pp. 124-138; Thelwall, M., Evidence for the existence of geographic trends in university web site interlinking (2002) Journal of Documentation, 58 (5), pp. 563-574; Thelwall, M., Smith, A., A study of the interlinking between Asia-Pacific university web sites (2002) Scientometrics, 55 (3), pp. 363-376; Thelwall, M., Wilkinson, D., Graph structure in three national academic webs: Power laws with anomalies (2003) Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 54 (8), pp. 706-712; Vaughan, L., New measurements for search engine evaluation proposed and tested (2003) Information Processing and Management, , in press; Vaughan, L., Thelwall, M., Scholarly use of the web: What are the key inducers of links to journal web sites? (2003) Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 54 (1), pp. 29-38; Walker, J., Links and power: The political economy of linking on the web (2002) Proceedings of ACM Hypertext 2002, pp. 72-73	Vaughan, L.; Fac. of Info. and Media Studies, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont. N6A 5B7, Canada; email: lvaughan@uwo.ca								3064573		IPMAD	10.1016/S0306-4573(03)00063-3		English	Information Processing and Management	Article	Scopus	Vaughan Thelwall   Search engine coverage bias: Evidence and possible causes Information Processing and Management 2004
Vaughan L., Thelwall M.	Vaughan	Thelwall		Scholarly use of the web: What are the key inducers of links to journal web sites?	2003	Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology	54	1		29	38		82	https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037224148&partnerID=40&md5=2111d87e4a603c4f663d9331f3c30bf3	Faculty of Info. and Media Studies, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont. N6A 5B7, Canada; Sch. of Computing and Info. Technol., University of Wolverhampton, 35/49 Lichfield Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1EQ, United Kingdom	Vaughan, L., Faculty of Info. and Media Studies, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont. N6A 5B7, Canada; Thelwall, M., Sch. of Computing and Info. Technol., University of Wolverhampton, 35/49 Lichfield Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1EQ, United Kingdom	Web links have been studied by information scientists for at least six years but it is only in the past two that clear evidence has emerged to show that counts of links to scholarly Web spaces (universities and departments) can correlate significantly with research measures, giving some credence to their use for the investigation of scholarly communication. This paper reports on a study to investigate the factors that influence the creation of links to journal Web sites. An empirical approach is used: collecting data and testing for significant patterns. The specific questions addressed are whether site age and site content are inducers of links to a journal's Web site as measured by the ratio of link counts to Journal Impact Factors, two variables previously discovered to be related. A new methodology for data collection is also introduced that uses the Internet Archive to obtain an earliest known creation date for Web sites. The results show that both site age and site content are significant factors for the disciplines studied: library and information science, and law. Comparisons between the two fields also show disciplinary differences in Web site characteristics. Scholars and publishers should be particularly aware that richer content on a journal's Web site tends to generate links and thus the traffic to the site.		Data acquisition; Digital libraries; Education; Information science; Laws and legislation; Publishing; Search engines; Telecommunication traffic; Websites; Academia; Departments; Internet archive; Journal web sites; Scholarly communication; Universities; Web links; Information retrieval						Adam, D., The counting house (2002) Nature, 415, pp. 726-729; Almind, T.C., Ingwersen, P., Informetric analysis on the world wide web: Methodological approaches to webometrics (1997) Journal of Documentation, 53 (4), pp. 404-426; AltaVista advanced search tutorial-link popularity (2002), http://help.altavista.com/adv_search/ast_haw_popularity, AltaVista; (25 February, 2002)Bar-Ilan, J., Data collection methods on the web for informetric purposes-a review and analysis (2001) Scientometrics, 50 (1), pp. 7-32; Björneborn, L., Ingwersen, P., Perspectives of webometrics (2001) Scientometrics, 50 (1), pp. 65-82; Brin, S., Page, L., The anatomy of a large scale hypertextual web search engine (1998) Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 30 (1-7), pp. 107-117. , http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/brin98anatomy.html; Chavez-Demoulin, V.C., Roehrl, A.S.A., Roehrl, R.A., Weinberg, A., The WEB archives: A time machine in your pocket (2000), http://cite-seer.nj.nec.com/chavez-demoulin99web.html, Internet Archive Colloquium, San Francisco, March 2000Chu, H., He, S., Thelwall, M., Library and information science schools in Canada and USA: A webometric perspective Journal of Education for Library and Information Science, , (in press); Cole, J.R., A short history of the use of citations as a measure of the impact of scientific and scholarly work (2000) The Web of Knowledge: A Festschrift in Honor of Eugene Garfield, pp. 281-300. , In: Cronin, B., & Atkins, H.B. 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N6A 5B7, Canada; email: Ivaughan@uwo.ca								15322882		AISJB	10.1002/asi.10184		English	Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology	Article	Scopus	Vaughan Thelwall   Scholarly use of the web: What are the key inducers of links to journal web sites? Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 2003
Wilkinson D., Harries G., Thelwall M., Price L.	Wilkinson	Harries	Thelwall	Motivations for academic web site interlinking: Evidence for the web as a novel source of information on informal scholarly communication	2003	Journal of Information Science	29	1		49	56		82	https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0037282197&partnerID=40&md5=c87ca2be15e49f095eaaf3783da8b8f8	Sch. of Computing and Info. Technol., University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1SB, United Kingdom	Wilkinson, D., Sch. of Computing and Info. Technol., University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1SB, United Kingdom; Harries, G., Sch. of Computing and Info. Technol., University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1SB, United Kingdom; Thelwall, M., Sch. of Computing and Info. Technol., University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1SB, United Kingdom; Price, L., Sch. of Computing and Info. Technol., University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1SB, United Kingdom	The need to understand authors' motivations for creating links between university web sites is addressed by a survey of a random collection of 414 such links from the ac.uk domain. A classification scheme was created and applied to this collection. Obtaining inter-classifier agreement as to the single main link creation cause was very difficult because of multiple potential motivations and the fluidity of genre on the Web. Nevertheless, it was clear that, whilst the vast majority, over 90%, was created for broadly scholarly reasons, only two were equivalent to journal citations. It is concluded that academic web link metrics will be dominated by a range of informal types of scholarly communication. Since formal communication can be extensively studied through citation analysis, this provides an exciting new window through which to investigate a facet of a previously obscured type of communication activity.		Engineering education; Information analysis; Societies and institutions; Surveys; Telecommunication links; Websites; Academic web site; Citation analysis; Informal scholarly communication; Inter-classifier agreement; Interlinking; Information use						Tague-Sutcliffe, J., An introduction to informetrics (1992) Information Processing & Management, 28 (1), pp. 1-3; Cronin, B., (1984) The Citation Process: The Role and Significance of Citations in Scientific Communication, , (London: Taylor Graham); Borgman, C., Furner, J., Scholarly communication and bibliometrics (2002) Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 36, pp. 3-72. , In: Cronin, B. 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Technol., University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1SB, United Kingdom; email: D.Wilkinson@wlv.ac.uk								1655515		JISCD			English	Journal of Information Science	Article	Scopus	Wilkinson Harries  Thelwall Motivations for academic web site interlinking: Evidence for the web as a novel source of information on informal scholarly communication Journal of Information Science 2003