PHP115
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Please note that this is an advanced topic. Make sure that you have worked through all the previous sections of this workbook before proceeding.
Template engines
There are many PHP template engines out there, there are some of the most popular ones:
- Twig - probably the best current, framework-independent template engine.
- Mustache - also very popular, but very simple and so not suitable for more complex projects.
- Smarty - very old, and the website looks very dated, but the product itself is very good and still actively maintained!
- Blade - Blade comes with Laravel, a very popular PHP framework, and cannot easily be used without Laravel.
- Volt - Volt is packaged with the Phalcon PHP framework, but can be used as a standalone product.
Here is an interesting comparison of the template engines above.
In this tutorial we will look at Twig
Installing Twig
Please read the installation notes on the official website.
Simple example
First let's look at a simple example that passes variables to a template.
The template - index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My first template</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My Webpage</h1>
{{ include('navigation.html') }}
<p>{{ a_variable }}</p>
<p>{{ another_variable|upper }}</p>
<ul>
{% for item in people %}
<li>{{ item.FirstName }} {{ item.Surname }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
</body>
</html>
Things to note:
- You can increase code reuse by including templates within template, in this case: include('navigation.html')
- Template:A variable displays a simple variable.
- Template:Another variable displays another variable, but converts it to uppercase. This is done using the "upper" extension.
- {% for item in people %} allows you to loop through an array of items.
The navigation.html template, included in the file above, is fairly simple:
<ul id="navigation"> <li><a href="#">Page 1</a></li> <li><a href="#">Page 2</a></li> <li><a href="#">Page 3</a></li> </ul>
The home file - index.php
<?php
require_once 'Twig/Autoloader.php';
Twig_Autoloader::register();
// Set-up environment with cache (faster)
$loader = new Twig_Loader_Filesystem('templates');
/*$twig = new Twig_Environment($loader, array(
'cache' => 'compilation_cache',
));*/
// set-up environment without cache (for development)
$twig = new Twig_Environment($loader);
// Array of data
$people[0]['FirstName'] = "Alix";
$people[0]['Surname'] = "Bergeret";
$people[1]['FirstName'] = "Chris";
$people[1]['Surname'] = "Dennett";
// Load and render template
echo $twig->render('index.html',
array('a_variable' => 'Alix',
'another_variable' => 'Bergeret',
'people' => $people));
?>
The result: http://mi-linux.wlv.ac.uk/~in9352/twig/
Database example
The template - pets.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My pets</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My pets webpage</h1>
{{ include('navigation.html') }}
<p>{{ num_rows }} record(s) were returned...</p>
<table border=1>
{% for item in results %}
<tr>
<td>{{ item.name }}</td>
<td>{{ item.species }}</td>
</tr>
{% endfor %}
</table>
</body>
</html>
The main file - pets.php
<?php
// set-up environment without cache (for development)
// Connect to server/database
// Run SQL query
$res = mysqli_query($mysqli, "SELECT name, species, age FROM pet");
// How many rows were returned?
$num_rows = mysqli_num_rows($res);
// Loop through resultset and put in array
while($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($res)) {
$results[] = $row;
}
// Load and render template
echo $twig->render('pets.html',
array('num_rows' => $num_rows, 'results' => $results));
?>
